All citations and references presented on this page are based on the 7th editon of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, published in 2019.
Two print copies of the manual are available at the library's Citing and Writing Station.
For more information and examples:
General format of in-text citations is as follows: (last name of author, year of publication). You can also use the author’s name in your sentence, immediately followed by the year of publication in parentheses.
Example: (Lowery & Burrow, 2019) or Lowery and Burrow (2019).
With direct quotations, add the page number after the year of publication (separated by a comma)
Important notes:
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Citation Components |
(Author Last Name, Publication Year) | |
| Reference Components |
Author Last Name, Initial(s). (Year of publication). Title of book: Subtitle. Publisher. DOI or URL if available |
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| Citation Example |
(Israel, 1983) |
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| Reference Example |
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Citation Components |
(Author Last Name, Publication Year) | |
| Reference Components |
Chapter Author Last Name, Initial(s). (Year of publication). Title of chapter. In Editor Initial(s) Last Name (Ed.), Title of book: Subtitle (pp. pages of chapter). Publisher. DOI or URL if available |
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| Citation Example |
(Katz, 1973) |
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| Reference Example |
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Citation Components |
(Author Last Name, Original Publication Year/New Publication Year) | |
| Reference Components |
Author Last Name, Initial(s). (Year of publication). Title of book: Subtitle. (Translator Initial(s) Last Name, Trans.). Publisher. (Original work published XXXX) |
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| Citation Example |
(Foucault, 1963/2003) |
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| Reference Example |
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Many variations are possible. Please see our APA Style 7th Edition handout for more examples.
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Citation Components |
(Author Last Name, Publication Year) | |
| Reference Components |
Author Last Name, Initial(s). (Year of Publication). Article title. Journal Name, Volume number(issue number), article page range. DOI |
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| Citation Example |
(Lowery & Burrow, 2019) |
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| Reference Example |
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Many variations are possible. Please see our APA Style 7th Edition handout for more examples.
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Citation Components |
(Title of Publication, Publication Date) | |
| Reference Components |
Title of publication. (date). Entry consulted. In Name of website. Retrieved Month day, year if source has no date, from URL |
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| Citation Example |
(Merriam-Webster, n.d.) |
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| Reference Example |
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Citation Components |
(Author Last Name, Publication Year) | |
| Reference Components |
Author Last Name, Initial(s). (Year, Month Date). Title of page. Site name. URL |
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| Citation Example |
(Nicholson, 2020) |
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| Reference Example |
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Citation Components |
(Author Last Name, Publication Year) | |
| Reference Components |
Author Last Name, Initial(s). (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Name of Newspaper. URL |
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| Citation Example |
(Deachman, 2020) |
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| Reference Example |
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Citation Components |
(Author Last Name, Publication Year) | |
| Reference Components |
Author Last Name, Initial(s). (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Name of blog/website. URL |
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| Citation Example |
(Kennedy, 2022) |
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| Reference Example |
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Citation Components |
(Author Last Name, Publication Year) |
| Reference Components |
Author Last Name, Initial(s). (Year). Title of dissertation or thesis [Type of document, Name of Institution]. Database or Archive Name. DOI or URL |
| Citation Example |
(Max, 2017) |
| Reference Example |
Max, A. (2017). The experiences of individuals with psychological disabilities in attending counselling: A phenomenological investigation [Master's thesis, University of Ottawa] uO Research. https://ruor.uottawa.ca/bitstream/10393/37047/5/Max_Alyssa_2020_thesis.pdf |
Many variations are possible. Please see our APA Style 7th Edition handout for more examples.
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Citation Components |
(Author Last Name OR Name of Government Agency or Department, Publication Year) |
| Reference Components |
Author Last Name, Initial(s). OR Name of Government Agency or Department. (Year). Title: Subtitle (Name of series if available, Publication No. xxx if available). Name of Government Agency or Department if source has individual author. URL |
| Citation Example |
(Páez Silva, 2019) |
| Reference Example |
Páez Silva, A. A. (2019). The French language in Ontario, 2001 to 2016: Facts and figures (Ethnicity, Language and Immigration Thematic Series, Publication No. 89-657-X2019012). Statistics Canada. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/89-657-x/89-657-x2019012-eng.pdf |
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Citation Components |
(Name of Group or Organization, publication year) | |
| Reference Components |
Name of Group or Organization. (Year, month day). Title of webpage or document. URL |
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| Citation Example |
(World Health Organization, 2019) |
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| Reference Example |
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Many variations are possible. Please see our APA Style 7th Edition handout for more examples.
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Citation Components |
(Title of work, publication year) | |
| Reference Components |
Title of work (Initial(s) and Last Name of Translator, Trans.). (year). Publisher OR Website Name. URL (Original work published XXXX) |
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| Citation Example |
(The Holy Bible, 1950) |
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| Reference Example |
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Citation Components |
(Author/Lecturer Last Name, year) | |
| Reference Components |
Author/Lecturer Last Name, Initial(s). (Year). Title of presentation [type of presentation or document]. Platform Name. General platform URL |
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| Citation Example |
(Rioux, 2020) |
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| Reference Example |
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Citation Components |
(Author Last Name, year) | |
| Reference Components |
Author Last Name, Initial(s). or Name of Group [@username]. (Year, Month Day). Content of the post up to the first 20 words [Type of post]. Site Name. URL of post |
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| Citation Example |
(Jean-Léon Allie Library and Archives, 2020) |
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| Reference Example |
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Citation Components |
(Account Name, year) | |
| Reference Components |
Video creator/author Last Name, Initial(s) OR name of organization/account [username]. (year, month day). Title of video [Video]. Name of platform/website. URL of video |
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| Citation Example |
(Saint Paul University, 2018) |
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| Reference Example |
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