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Citation & Reference Guide

A research guide that contains information on different citation styles and examples on how to use them.

Chicago Citations and References, 17th Edition

For more information and examples:

 

Important notes: 

  • The first time you cite a source, use the long version of the footnote; all subsequent citations follow the shortened format: last name of author, shortened version of title, and page number (for more about shortened titles of works, see section 14.33 of the Chicago Manual of Style). The abbreviation ibid. is no longer used.
  • In all footnote examples provided in this document, the last number that appears refers to the page cited. You can include more than one; in that case, they are separated by commas. Not all types of sources require a page number; please use the examples provided below as guides.
  • Multiple authors: Pay attention to the order in which author names (first and last names) are indicated in footnotes as opposed to bibliography entries. Regardless of document type, use the examples provided under “Book,” just below, and combine with the appropriate document type format.
  • The footnote reference numbers in the text are superscript (your word processor should do this automatically); they should go at the end of a sentence or clause, after the punctuation (except the dash) or quotation marks. The footnote numbers themselves are standard, full size, and followed by a period (you may have to modify this manually).
  • Place the section label Bibliography centered at the top of the new page.
  • Arrange the bibliography entries in alphabetical order by author.
  • Bibliography entries are double-spaced, but single-spacing is used within each entry.
  • Bibliography entries have a hanging indent of 0.5 in. (i.e. the first line is flush with the left margin; all subsequent lines are indented 0.5 in from the left margin).

Select your resource (for even more examples, please consult the Chicago 17 pdf handout available in the left-hand menu or at the bottom of this page).

 

Book

Footnote Components

Footnote #.  First Name Last Name, Title of Book (Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication), page number.
Reference Components

Last name, First name. Title of Book. Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication.
Footnote Example

1. Martin Israel, The Spirit of Counsel: Spiritual Perspectives in the Counseling  Process (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1983), 10.
Reference Example

Israel, Martin. The Spirit of Counsel: Spiritual Perspectives in the Counseling Process. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1983.

Book with Multiple Authors

Two or Three Authors

Footnote Components

Footnote #. 1st Author First Name Last Name, 2nd Author First Name Last Name, and 3rd Author First Name Last Name, Title of Book (Place of publication: Publisher, year of publication), page number(s), DOI if e-book.
Reference Components

1st Author Last Name, First Name, 2nd Author First Name Last Name, and 3rd Author First Name Last Name. Title: Subtitle. Place of Publication: Publisher, year. DOI if e-book.
Footnote Example

1. Paul Cummins, Ian O’Boyle, and Tony Cassidy, Leadership in Sports Coaching: A Social Identity Approach (London: Routledge, 2017), 188, https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315267005.
Reference Example

Cummins, Paul, Ian O’Boyle, and Tony Cassidy. Leadership in Sports Coaching: A Social Identity Approach. London: Routledge, 2017. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315267005.

Four Authors or More

Footnote Components

Footnote #. 1st Author First Name Last Name et al., Title: Subtitle (Place of Publication: Publisher,  year), page number(s), DOI if e-book.
Reference Components

1st Author First Name Last Name, 2nd Author First Name Last Name, 3rd Author First Name Last Name, and 4th Author First Name Last Name. Title: Subtitle. Place of Publication: Publisher, year. DOI if e-book.
Footnote Example

1. Wanda M. L. Lee et al., Introduction to Multicultural Counseling for Helping Professionals, 2nd ed. (New York: Routledge, 2007), 132, https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203941485.
Reference Example

Lee, Wanda M. L., John A. Blando, Nathalie D. Mizelle, and Graciela L. Orozco. Introduction to Multicultural Counseling for Helping Professionals, 2nd ed. New York: Routledge, 2007. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203941485.

Chapter of an Edited Book

Footnote Components

Footnote #. First Name Last Name, "Title of Chapter," in Book Title: Subtitle, ed. Editor First Name Last Name (Place of Publication: Publisher, year), page number.
Reference Components

Last Name, First Name. "Title of Chapter or Article." In Book Title: Subtitle, edited by Editor First Name Surname, page range of chapter. Place of Publication: Publisher, year.
Footnote Example

1. Jerrold J. Katz, “The Realm of Meaning,” in Communication, Language, and Meaning: Psychological Perspectives, ed. George A. Miller (New York: Basic Books, 1973), 37.
Reference Example

Katz, Jerrold J. “The Realm of Meaning.” In Communication, Language, and Meaning: Psychological Perspectives, edited by George A. Miller, 36-48. New York: Basic Books, 1973.

Translated Book

Footnote Components

Footnote #.  Author First Name Last Name, Title of Book, trans. Translator First Name Last Name (Place of publication: Publisher, year of publication), page number.
Reference Components

Author Last name, First name. Title of Book. Translated by Translator First Name Last Name. Place of publication: Publisher, year of publication.
Footnote Example

1. Michel Foucault, The Birth of the Clinic: An Archeology of Medical Perception, trans. Alan Mark Sheridan (London: Routledge, 2003), 45.
Reference Example Foucault, Michel. The Birth of the Clinic: An Archeology of Medical Perception. Translated by Alan Mark Sheridan. London: Routledge, 2003.

Journal Article

Footnote Components

Footnote #. Author First Name Last Name, "Article Title," Journal Title Volume, no. Issue (year): page number, DOI.
Reference Components

Last Name, First Name. "Article Title." Journal Title Volume, no. Issue (year): Page range of article.
Footnote Example

1. Patrick G. Lowery and John D. Burrow, “Concentrated Disadvantage, Racial Disparities, and Juvenile Institutionalization Within the Context of Attribution Theory,” Criminal Justice Studies 32, no. 4 (2019): 344, https://doi.org/10.1080/1478601X.2019.1660964.

Reference Example

Lowery, Patrick G., and John D. Burrow. “Concentrated Disadvantage, Racial Disparities, and Juvenile Institutionalization Within the Context of Attribution Theory.” Criminal Justice Studies 32, no. 4 (2019): 330-355. https://doi.org/10.1080/1478601X.2019.1660964.

Newspaper or News Website Article

Footnote Components

Footnote #. First Name Last Name, "Article Title," Name of Newpaper, date of publication, URL.
Reference Components

Last Name, First Name. "Article Title." Name of Newspaper, date of publication. URL.
Footnote Example

1. Bruce Deachman, “Parents March, Sing in Support of Teachers,” Ottawa Citizen, March 8, 2020, https://ottawacitizen.com/news/local-news/parents-march-sing-in-support-of-teachers
Reference Example Deachman, Bruce. “Parents March, Sing in Support of Teachers.” Ottawa Citizen, March 8, 2020. https://ottawacitizen.com/news/local-news/parents-march-sing-in-support-of-teachers.

Thesis or Dissertation

ootnote Components

Footnote #. First Name Last Name, "Title: Subtitle" (type of thesis or dissertation, University Name, year), page number(s), URL.
Reference Components

Last Name, First Name. "Title: Subtitle." Type of thesis or dissertation, University Name, year. URL.
Footnote Example

1. Alyssa Max, “The Experiences of Individuals with Psychological Disabilities in Attending Counselling: A Phenomenological Investigation” (master’s thesis, University of Ottawa, 2017), 55, https://ruor.uottawa.ca/bitstream/10393/37047/5/Max_Alyssa_2017_thesis.pdf.
Reference Example

Max, Alyssa. “The Experiences of Individuals with Psychological Disabilities in Attending Counselling: A Phenomenological Investigation.” Master’s thesis, University of Ottawa, 2017. https://ruor.uottawa.ca/bitstream/10393/37047/5/Max_Alyssa_2017_thesis.pdf.

Webpage

Footnote Components

Footnote #. Author First Name Last Name if different from name of website, "Title of Page," Title of Site as a Whole, date of publication, revision or access, URL.
Reference Components

Author Last Name, First Name or Name of Website. "Title of Page." Date of publication, revision or access. URL.
Footnote Example

1. “Services,” Saint Paul University, accessed February 27, 2020, https://ustpaul.ca/en/jean-leon-allie-omi-library-services_474_273.htm.
Reference Example Saint Paul University. “Services.” Accessed February 27, 2020. https://ustpaul.ca/en/jean-leon-allie-omi-library-services_474_273.htm.

Government Publication or Report

Footnote Components

Footnote #. Government Department, Title of Report: Subtitle, (Government Department, Publication Year), URL.
Reference Components

Government Department. Title of Report: Subtitle. Name of Publisher. Catalogue no. XXXXX. Government Department, Publication Year. URL.
Footnote Example

1. Statistics Canada, Canada’s Black Population: Education, Labour and Resilience, (Statistics Canada, 2020), https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/en/pub/89-657-x/89-657-x2020002-eng.pdf?st=v7OEaeqo.
Reference Example

Statistics Canada. Canada’s Black Population: Education, Labour and Resilience. Ethnicity, Language and Immigration Thematic Series. Catalogue no. 89-657-X2020002. Statistics Canada, 2020. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/en/pub/89-657-x/89-657-x2020002-eng.pdf?st=v7OEaeqo.

Social Media Content

Footnote Components

Footnote #. Author First Name Last Name (Screen name), “Quote up to the first 160 characters of the post,” Name of Social Media, publication date, time stamp, URL.
Reference Components

Lastname, Firstname (Screen name). “Post text.” Social media service, indication of format/medium, publication date, time stamp. URL.
Footnote Example

1. Barack Obama (@BarackObama), “55 years ago, when a group of civil rights organizers crossed the Edmund Pettus Bridge, they carried America with them. Today, let's honor that legacy by,” Twitter, March 7, 2020, 10:18 a.m., https://twitter.com/BarackObama/status/1236310244508254208.
Reference Example

Obama, Barack (@BarackObama). “55 years ago, when a group of civil rights organizers crossed the Edmund Pettus Bridge, they carried America with them. Today, let's honor that legacy by.” Twitter, March 7, 2020. https://twitter.com/BarackObama/status/1236310244508254208.

Course Materials or PowerPoint Presentation

Footnote Components

Footnote #. Lecturer First Name Last Name, "Lecture Title " (Type of Source, University Name, Location, Month Day, Year of Lecture).
Reference Components

Lecturer Last Name, First Name. "Lecture Title." Type of Source presented at University Name,  Location, Month Day, Year of Lecture.
Footnote Example

1. Jean-François Rioux, “Lecture 2: History of Conflict Studies,” (PowerPoint presentation, Saint Paul University, Ottawa, January 20, 2020).
Reference Example

Rioux, Jean-François. “Lecture 2: History of Conflict Studies.” PowerPoint presented at Saint Paul University, Ottawa, January 20, 2020.

YouTube, Vimeo, or Other Online Video

Footnote Components

Footnote #. First Name Last Name of presenter/author if identifiable, "Title of Work," Name of Account/Channel that uploaded the video, Date posted, Type of video, length of video, URL.
Reference Components

Presenter/Author Last Name, First Name if identifiable. "Title of Work." Name of Account/Channel. Date posted. Type of Video, length of video. URL.
Footnote Example

1. “Discover our Indigenous Services!” Saint Paul University, August 29, 2018, YouTube video, 3:58, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N76tjKpotlE.

Reference Example

“Discover our Indigenous Services!” Saint Paul University. August 29, 2018. YouTube Video, 3:58. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N76tjKpotlE.